大豆根腐病菌对大豆幼苗生理生化指标的影响

利用垂直板发芽试验研究了大豆于幼苗期被大豆根腐病菌(Fusarium oxysporum)侵染后幼苗形态建成、总糖含量、可溶性糖含量、丙二醛 (MDA) 含量以及胚根细胞膜透性的动态变化,并对其致病机制和寄主的抗病机理进行了相应的分析.结果表明:大豆根腐病菌(Fusarium oxysporum)在侵染过程中会使大豆侧根原基的产生进程出现滞缓,子叶的营养物质输出受阻,胚根的生长速度减慢,根冠比的动态平衡被破坏,胚根中的总糖含量与对照相比下降,可溶性糖含量、MDA含量升高,细胞膜透性增大.通过分析,认为可溶性糖含量、MDA含量和细胞膜透性可作为抗病育种和药剂调控与保护的研究靶标.     

香蕉根际土壤原生动物群落特征及与枯萎病病原菌的关系

香蕉枯萎病由病原真菌尖孢镰刀菌4号生理小种引起,其根际微生物组是抵御病原菌入侵的关键屏障。根际原生动物群落在根际微生物群落调控以及植物健康方面有不可忽视的作用。利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术分析连作蕉园中植株发病前后根际土壤原生动物群落特征变化以及其与病原菌的相互关系。结果表明：相较于可培养细菌与真菌,原生动物的数量对病原菌的种群数量变化的影响更大;根际原生动物的群落多样性与丰富度都随植株生长而降低,且在发病植株中更低;抽蕾前后的健康与发病植株中根际原生动物群落结构存在显著差异;总体而言,吞噬型原生动物的相对丰度显著高于其他功能类型的原生动物,且在健康与发病植株中差异显著;吞噬型原生动物中与病原菌具有显著相关性的多为丝足虫门;在抽蕾期的健康植株中,丝足虫门的高丰度属中Group-Te与Cercomonas属与病原菌呈显著负相关;在抽蕾期的患病植株中,相对丰度较高的植物致病型原生动物Pythium属与病原菌呈显著正相关。综上所述,根际土壤中原生动物对病原菌的影响较大,在植株生长过程中,原生动物的群落特征发生改变,且在发病与健康植株中存在差异。与病原菌具有显著负相关的吞噬型原生动物,尤其是丝足虫门的部分高丰度属,可能会在防控香蕉枯萎病上产生一定潜力。     

电动拖拉机PC-DSPM电机电子变极策略与分析

针对田间作业和转场运输等不同工况时的行驶速度需求,该研究提出使用双凸极变极永磁（pole-changing doubly-salient permanent magnet,PC-DSPM）电机作为电动拖拉机的驱动电机,通过变极获得驱动电机的多种机械特性。基于气隙磁场调制理论,将PC-DSPM电机气隙磁场中的主要工作谐波分为2组,采用电子变极改变电枢绕组连接方式,从而选择不同组别的气隙磁场谐波参与机电能量转换,形成PC-DSPM电机3种运行模式。根据不同模式下的转矩-转速曲线,选取电机在恒功率区的2个变极切换点,并据此将拖拉机的运行速度划分为0～7.7、7.7～10.5和10.5～32.7 km/h共3个区间。为实现平滑变极,构建自抗扰控制和跟踪微分器的PC-DSPM电机变极策略。与采用自抗扰控制的阶跃响应变极相比,虽然2个切换点处的变极时间分别延长至400和600 ms,但变极过程中dq轴电流过渡平稳,转矩波动分别下降8.5%和11.8%,转速恒定在920和1 250 r/min。研究结果可为实现电动拖拉机多工况高效运行及变极永磁电机平滑切换提供理论参考。     

基于自纠正NMS-ByteTrack的套袋葡萄估产方法

针对套袋后的葡萄体积增加和葡萄叶片表面积大容易出现重叠遮挡,及人工拍摄视频的速度不稳定可能导致套袋葡萄目标丢失的问题,该研究提出一种基于自纠正NMS(non-maximum suppression)-ByteTrack的套袋葡萄估产方法。该方法首先通过目标检测方法YOLOv5s检测视频中的套袋葡萄,将检测阶段的NMS操作后置到追踪阶段,保留因遮挡而被过滤的果实检测框;其次在ByteTrack的基础上加入相机运动补偿和改进的卡尔曼滤波算法,以自动纠正果实预测框的位置并进行追踪;最后提出一种划线计数策略对套袋葡萄自动计数。试验结果表明,该方法的多目标追踪准确率、多目标追踪精度和ID调和平均数分别为64.6%、82.4%和80.8%,相比ByteTrack分别提高了1.7个百分点、1.0个百分点和4.1个百分点,平均计数精度达到82.8%。因此,基于自纠正NMS-ByteTrack的估产方法能有效解决套袋葡萄的追踪计数问题,实现对套袋葡萄更精确地估产。     

基于滑模变结构控制的温室喷药移动机器人路径跟踪

为解决作物种植密集,地面障碍与空间障碍并存等非结构化环境因素对温室喷药移动机器人路径跟踪运动控制精度的影响,在建立移动机器人运动学模型的基础上,设计一种基于指数趋近律的滑模变结构控制方法以保证系统对不确定参数及外界干扰的鲁棒性。与此同时,为有效解决滑模控制固有的抖振问题,提出一种加权增益趋近律算法,在该趋近律的积分项中引入负的加权值,可有效避免当系统状态不在滑模切换时的切换增益的增大,使得控制器输出量平滑,并利用Lyapunov函数证明了其稳定性,并采用该文所设计的基于加权积分增益趋近律的滑模控制器对喷药移动机器人进行路径跟踪控制。试验结果表明,该算法可以顺利消除横向偏差,使实际运动轨迹平稳跟随理想作业路线,避免在作业区域产生较严重的重喷和漏喷现象,其研究成果为温室作物实施精准喷药提供了依据。     

Phototropic Leaflet Reorientation in Alfalfa Germplasm Selected for Leaf Color and Size

Solar tracking has been described in several agronomic and wild species, yet variation within a given species has not been reported. To address that issue, photoperiod leaflet reorientation in response to vectorial light was measured in three alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) germplasm pools selected from the cultivar Ladak 65. Dark-leaf germplasm responded to all photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) (100 to 700 μmol/m²/s) with no detectable lag period. Following a 24-h dark treatment only high PPFD (600 to 700μmol/m²/s) elicited reorientation. Pale-leaf germplasm responded to intermediate (300 to 400 μmol/m²/s) and high PPFD in a similar manner; however, the low (100-125μmol/m²/s) PPFD treatment had little effect on reorientation. The 24-h dark treatment decreased reorientation at all PPFD. Small-leaf germplasm responded equally to all PPFD and was not affected by the 24-h dark treatment. The results suggest that available energy levels may influence the reorientation response. Carbonyl cyanide m -chlorophenylhydrazone, an inhibitor of photophosphorylation, and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, an inhibitor of non-cyclic photosynthetic electron transport, reduced reorientation only in the pale-leaf type. These results suggest that stored energy reserves were adequate to maintain leaflet reorientation in the absence of photosynthesis in all but the pale-leaf germplasm. In that germplasm photosynthetically generated energy may be required to support reorientation.     

古柏赤枯病病原菌的研究

经Ｋｏｃｈ＇ｓ法则检验证明，ＡｌｔｅｒｎａｒｉａｔｅｎｕｉｓＮｅｅｓ（细链格孢霉）是北京地区古柏赤枯病的病原菌。它引起古柏针叶及嫩梢的大量死亡。２—３年生桧柏及侧柏苗经人工接种证明，该病菌有较强的致病力，它还侵染某些种类的杨树。该病潜育期为５—６天。对病菌生物学特性也作了研究。病原菌生长和孢子萌发最适温度为２５℃Ｆ相对湿度在９０％以上；最适ｐＨ值为６；葡萄糖、淀粉、蛋白胨、谷氨酸为该菌纯培养的优良营养源。     

Accuracy of the TurfTrax Racing Data System for determination of equine speed and position

Reasons for performing study: The speed and position data collected by TurfTrax Racing Data Limited during UK Thoroughbred racing have potential to benefit equine science and welfare. The size (the 2006 data set alone consists of 30,932 individual horse starts across 2667 races) and nature (speed and 2D position for each horse at 4 updates per second) of the data make it a unique resource for questions in equine safety, welfare, performance, and animal locomotion. Objective: To determine the accuracy of the TurfTrax tracking system in estimating the speed and position of horses during racing. Methods: Measurements from the TurfTrax wireless tracking system were compared with those of a survey‐grade global positioning system (GPS) receiver. Results: The TurfTrax system was found to give position measurements to within ± 11 and ± 64 cm in the fore‐aft and lateral directions, respectively, averaging ± 38 cm (interquartile range) and speed to within 0.15 m/s. Potential relevance: The data collected by the TurfTrax system are of sufficient accuracy to inform new diagnoses, training regimens and basic locomotor scientific studies. The position data can provide the precise distance, going, inclination, rate of turn and pack positioning through which each horse has raced. The speed profile can be used to examine the level of exertion, effect of training regimens and influence of racecourse features on performance. A first clinical application would be to analyse retrospectively these factors on occurrence of injury to compare with past training regimens, levels of exertion, and/or racecourse conditions.     

猪圆环病毒与胸膜肺炎放线杆菌混合感染的诊治

2019年3月,大庆某规模化猪场个别猪出现发育不良、咳喘、消瘦、皮肤苍白和呼吸困难等症状,随后出现死亡。为明确发病原因,降低损失,对送检病死猪进行临床症状观察、剖检及实验室检测,并对病原菌进行药物敏感性试验。检测结果为致病性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌和猪圆环病毒混合感染所致,分离的胸膜肺炎放线杆菌对阿莫西林和头孢唑高度敏感。本研究为养殖场饲养猪的死亡病因分析和防治提供了参考。